Wednesday, August 28, 2019
پشتو ادب ’ج جہاد‘ اور ب بم‘ سے نکلنے کے لیے ہاتھ پاؤں مار رہا ہے
پشتو زبان کے ادیبوں کا کہنا ہے کہ پچھلے پچاس سالوں سے جنگ زدہ ماحول کا شکار پشتو ادب نئے دور میں داخل ہو رہا ہے اور پشتو ادیب روایات سے ہٹ کر نئے رجحانات اور تخلیقات متعارف کروا رہے ہیں۔
پشتو زبان کے ادیب اور شاعر عصمت اللہ زہیر پشتو ادب کی حالیہ تاریخ کو کچھ یوں بیان کرتے ہیں: ’پشتون قوم گذشتہ پچاس سالوں سے جس قسم کے حالات کا سامنا کر رہی ہے وہاں پر ادب بھی اس سے مبرا نہیں رہا، اس لیے ہم دیکھتے ہیں کہ ہمارے ادب میں پہلے دو چیزیں وارد ہوئیں۔ ایک رجعتی دور تھا دوسرا جسے ہم ترقی پسند دور کہتے ہیں۔
’رجعتی رجحان یہ رہا کہ ہمارے ادب میں ’ٹ سے ٹوپک‘ یعنی بندوق اور ’ت سے تورا‘ یعنی تلوار، ’ج سے جہاد‘ اور ’ب سے بم‘ جیسے قصے آئے جو دراصل باہر سے درآمد کیے گئے۔ ان کا مقصد پشتونوں کی ذہن سازی کرنا تھا جس نے پشتو ادب کو بھی متاثر کیا۔‘
ان کے بقول: ’رجعتی دور کا مقابلہ کرنے کے لیے کچھ لکھاری جنگ سے متاثر ہو کر ملک چھوڑ گئے اور بعض اب بھی یہاں پر ادب کی خدمت کر رہے جنہوں نے اس کی ٹھوس وجوہات بیان کیں کہ ہمارے خطے کے حالات سے ادب کتنا متاثر ہو رہا ہے اور جو کچھ تخلیق ہو رہا ہے اس کی وجوہات اور مقاصد کیا ہیں۔‘
عصمت اللہ زہیر نے کہا: ’یقیناً اگر کسی بھی علاقے یا خطے میں جنگ کے حالات ہوں تو وہاں کا حساس طبقہ ادیب زیادہ متاثر ہوتا ہے، ایسے میں ادیب وہی کچھ وہ لکھے گا جو سامنے ہو گا، اگر کہیں خون بہے اور بم گرے تو وہاں کے ادب میں پھول، رومانس اور دلہن کی بات نہیں بلکہ خونریزی موضوع بحث ہو گا اس لیے اس دور میں ہمیں شاعری افسانے اور ناول انہی حالات کی عکاسی کرتے نظر آتے ہیں۔‘
عصمت اللہ کے بقول: ’گذشتہ چار عشروں سے شاعر پابند نظم لکھتے رہے ہیں اب وہ آزاد نظم بھی لکھتے ہیں۔ مختصر اور نثری نظم بھی سامنے آئے ہیں۔ پشتو افسانہ اب روایتی ڈگر سے باہر نکل کر جدیدیت اور مابعد جدیدیت کی طرف جا رہا ہے۔‘
پشتو ادیب سمجھتے ہیں کہ پاک افغان خطے میں جو کچھ نائن الیون کے بعد ہوا اس نے ادب کو بھی متاثر کیا اور جس میں عالمی قوتوں نے نہ صرف طالبان اور رجعتی فورسز کو نشانہ بنایا بلکہ اس میں ترقی پسند بھی مارے گئے۔
عصمت اللہ کے مطابق سنہ1978کے بعد جب افغان انقلاب آیا اس کے بعد پاکستان کے جنوبی پشتونخوا علاقے میں افغان بچوں کے سکولوں کے لیے جو نصاب لایا گیا اس میں بنیاد پرستی،مذہب پرستی کو دوام دیا گیا۔
پشتون ادبا کے مطابق لکھاریوں نے دوسرے خطوں کی نسبت بلوچستان کے پشتون خطے میں یہاں کے حالات سے متاثر ہو کر لکھنا شروع کیا اس کی ایک مثال پروفیسر راز محمد راز ہیں جنہوں نے اپنا موضوع بحث بلوچ قوم کو بنایا اور ایک ناول میں ان کے مرکزی کردار بلوچ لیڈر نواب اکبر خان بگٹی ہیں۔
پشتون ادیبوں کے مطابق 50سال بعد پشتو ادب جدت کی طرف جارہا ہے۔ پشتو ادیب افسانہ نگاری، مختصر نظم اور کہانی لکھنے کے ساتھ دیگر زبانوں کی کتابوں کا پشتو ترجمہ بھی کر رہے ہیں اور اب لوگ دوبارہ ٹالسٹائی، گورگی اور چیخوف کو پڑھ رہے ہیں اور ان کی کتابوں کا ترجمہ پشتو زبان میں ہو رہا ہے۔
پھر پشتو ادب میں فلسفہ بھی آیا، جو ہمارے لیے ہمیشہ سے شجر ممنوعہ رہا ہے، کیوں کہ ہمارے معاشرے میں لوگوں کو بتایا گیا کہ جو فلسفے کی بات کرتا ہے وہ ہم میں سے نہیں بلکہ کافر ہے اس سوچ کی وجہ سے پشتو ادب میں فلسفہ کا نام ونشان نہیں تھا اب نوجوان نسل جو سامنے آ رہے ہیں وہ ان سب پر کام کر رہے ہیں، نئے تجربے ہو رہے ہیں، نئے افکار سامنے آ رہے ہیں اور آج لوگ جدید ادب کو دوبارہ پڑھ رہے ہیں۔
EDITORIAL: #Pakistan - Deep, deep in the debt trap
The record high fiscal deficit (Rs3.45t, 8.9pc of GDP) would have – should have, at least – set off serious alarm bells in Islamabad. It means not just that the economy has not responded despite record spending as well as record borrowing but, far more importantly, also that the IMF program might already be in danger. The deficit overshot the projected target of Rs1.9t by 82pc, seriously questioning the government’s ability to deliver on key targets and already making the federal budget document irrelevant. Let’s not forget that the bailout comes with serious conditions, failure to meet which could well jeopardise future tranches.It is particularly alarming that total revenue collection, year-on-year, is down 6.3pc in absolute terms, which shows how much the people appreciated the PTI government’s tax policy novelty. For years, rather decades, Imran Khan claimed that people would automatically start paying taxes once he ascended the throne, simply because of his personal honesty. If numbers are to be trusted, though, it seems people placed more faith in the previous government, in its last year, to the tune of Rs230b (Rs5.33t against Rs4.9t). Since the deficit bloated, especially in the last quarter, despite a 45pc cut in the development budget, there’s already concern that the government might now be forced to present yet another mini-budget with yet more taxes to raise revenue even if just to keep the IMF money flowing. Unless the deficit is handled, there can be no hope of stabilisation. That is why the way forward is particularly tricky; because even if the government is able to somehow enhance earnings in the ongoing fiscal, it can only be on the back of exploitative taxation instead of improved production and growth. The high-tax, high-interest rate, low spending and weak currency environment will ensure, somewhat ironically, that there is no way of increasing productivity at least in the present electoral cycle. That is because said measures will keep aggregate demand locked in a very low band, which in turn will keep investment, manufacturing, employment, wages, growth, etc, modest at best. Not, to put it mildly, the most favourable conditions for snapping out of low growth. News from the external sector is hardly any more encouraging. Sure, they’ve made serious advances in controlling the current account, but doing so by just restricting imports and not stimulating exports has not really been known to turn out well in the medium-to-long term. Despite losing half its value over the last year and a half, the rupee rout could only push up exports by a couple of percentage points. Also, it’s not like the international Brent crude collapse didn’t help. And soon restrictions on import of machinery will translate into yet more lethargy in production and manufacturing; perhaps that explains the negative trend in large scale manufacturing already. The best that can be expected, really, is that this government too – like all others before it – can just manage to borrow its way till the next election, at least, and fall yet deeper in the debt trap just to stay afloat. https://dailytimes.com.pk/455955/deep-deep-in-the-debt-trap/
India's Congress slams Pakistan for using Rahul Gandhi’s name in UN petition on Kashmir issue
Congress accused Pakistan of misusing Rahul Gandhi's statements to spread misinformation, and called on it to answer for the human rights violations in PoK-Gilgit-Hunza-Balochistan.
The Congress slammed Pakistan on Wednesday for “mischievously” dragging party leader Rahul Gandhi’s name in a petition reportedly moved in the United Nations to justify its “lies” and misinformation on Jammu and Kashmir.
In a statement, the opposition party said Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh were and would always be an integral part of India as it accused Pakistan of instigating violence in Jammu and Kashmir.
Gandhi said Jammu and Kashmir was India’s internal matter and there was no room for Pakistan or any other country to intervene.
He also accused Pakistan of instigating and supporting violence in Jammu and Kashmir and said the neighbouring country was known to be “the prime supporter of terrorism across the world”.
The Congress leader said this was despite the fact that he disagreed with the BJP-led government on many issues.
“I disagree with this Government on many issues. But, let me make this absolutely clear: Kashmir is India’s internal issue and there is no room for Pakistan or any other foreign country to interfere in it,” he said in a tweet.
“There is violence in Jammu & Kashmir. There is violence because it is instigated and supported by Pakistan which is known to be the prime supporter of terrorism across the world,” Gandhi wrote on Twitter.
Congress’s chief spokesperson Randeep Surjewala said the party had noticed “reports citing an alleged petition moved by Pakistani Government to United Nations on Jammu & Kashmir, wherein name of Shri Rahul Gandhi has been mischievously dragged to justify the pack of lies and deliberate misinformation being spread by Pakistan”.
“Let no one in the world be in doubt that Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh were, are and shall always remain an integral part of India. No amount of diabolical deception by Pakistan shall change this irrevocable truth,” he said in a statement.
Surjewala said Pakistan should instead answer to the world about the “unpardonable and inhumane violations of human rights” in PoK-Gilgit-Hunza-Balochistan.
The neighbouring country also owed an explanation for the “designed persecution” of over seven crore Mohajirs (Muslim immigrants of multi-ethnic origin and their descendants, who migrated from various regions of India to Pakistan after the independence of Pakistan) and the killing of over 25,000 of them by its forces, he added.
The Congress leader said besides the instances of human rights violations in Balochistan, thousands had gone missing and mass graves were being uncovered by different agencies.
“The entire world witnessed the horrific murder of 128 innocents on 13th July, 2018 during an election rally by Balochistan Awami Movement. The gross abuse of human rights of Pashtun people in the tribal regions by Pakistani Army as also the systematic persecution and prosecution of Ahmadiyya Religious community is yet to be answered by Pakistan,” he said.
Let the world be reminded again that almost every terrorist organisation thrives in Pakistan under political and military patronage be it Lashkar-e-Taiba, Jaish-e-Muhammad, Hizbul Mujahideen, Al-Qaeda or Taliban and its multiple offshoots,” the Congress leader said.
“We urge that Pakistan should answer these issues, both internally to its people as also to the international community, instead of raising the fake Kashmir bogey,” he added.
Pakistan’s fiscal deficit rises to highest level in 28 Years
FASEEH MANGI
The deficit increased to 8.9% of the nation’s gross domestic product in the year ended June compared with 6.6% a year earlier, according to provisional numbers released by the Finance Ministry. That’s a big miss for the government, which targeted a narrower 5.6% gap.
The South Asian nation must also increase government revenue by more than 40% in the fiscal year that began in July, as part of the conditions for a $6 billion loan. Pakistan’s loan from the IMF could be in jeopardy if the trend of the government missing revenue target continues.
“It seems an uphill task,” said Samiullah Tariq, director research at Arif Habib Ltd., in Karachi. “If they’re unable to meet the target for the quarter, then a mini budget to raise taxes is possible in order to clear the next IMF quarterly review.”
The total revenue declined by 20% in the latest quarter due to a 98% decline in non-tax revenue, according to Tariq. – Bloomberg
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